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Apron: Inside flat trim
member which is used under the stool at the bottom of the window.
Astragal: The center member of a double door, which is attached to the fixed or
inactive door panel.
Bay window: A composite of three or more windows, usually made up of a large center
unit and two flanking units at 30- or 45-degree angles to the wall.
Bow window: A composite of four or more window units in a radial or bow formation.
Brick mould: Outside casing around window to cover jambs and through which nails are
driven to install the window.
Casing: Inside casing is a flat, decorative molding which covers the inside edge
of the jambs and the rough openings between the window unit and the wall. Outside
casing (or Brick Mould) serves the same purpose, while it also is an installation device
through which nails are driven to install the window unit into the wall.
Check rail: On a double-hung window, the bottom rail of the upper sash and the upper
rail of the lower sash, where the lock is mounted. Or, on a sliding window, the
vertical sash rails that overlap when the window is closed.
Circlehead: A generic term referring to any of a variety of window units with one or
more curved frame members, often used over another window or door opening.
Clerestory: A window near the top of an outside wall.
Cottage double-hung: A double-hung window in which the upper sash is shorter that the
lower sash.
Cripples: The short 2 x 4 members used to frame under the sill or above the header in
a rough opening for a window in a frame wall.
Curb: A watertight wall or frame used to raise slope glazing above the surface of the
roof as a preventive measure against water leakage from melting snow or rain run-off.
Dormer: A space which protrudes from the roof, usually including one or more windows.
Double rafter: The doubling (side by side) of the roof members to reinforce an opening
in the roof for a slope glazing installation.
Double glazing: Use of two panes of glass in a window to increase energy efficiency
and provide other performance benefits.
Drip cap: A molding placed on the top of the head brickmould or casing of a window
frame.
Fenestration: An architectural term referring to the arrangement of windows in a wall.
Finger-jointing: A means of joining individual pieces of wood together to form longer
lengths. The ends of the pieces are machined to form a set of interlocking fingers,
which are then coated with adhesive and meshed together under pressure.
Fixed: Non-venting or non-operable.
Flashing: A metal or plastic strip attached to the outside of the head or side jambs
to provide a weather barrier, preventing leakage between the frame and the wall.
French hinged door: Hinged doors which have wider panel members around the glass.
French sliding door: A sliding door which has wider panel members around the glass,
giving the appearance of a French hinged door.
Glazing: The glass panes or lights in the sash of a window. Also the act of
installing lights of glass in a window sash.
Glazing bead: A plastic or wood strip applied to the window sash around the perimeter
of the glass on the outside to hold the glass in place.
Glazing compound: A pliable substance applied between the window sash and the lights
of glass to seal against the elements and sometimes to adhere the glass to the sash.
Glazing stop: The part of the sash or door panel which holds the glass in place.
Head: The main horizontal member forming the top of the window or door frame.
Head board: A flat board cut to fit the contour of a bow or bay window and installed
between the head jambs and the flat wall surface to finish off that area which would
normally be ceiling.
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Header: A heavy beam
extended across the top of the rough opening to prevent the weight of wall or roof from
resting on the window frame.
Hopper: A window with a top sash that swings inward.
Jack stud: Framing members, generally 2 x 4's, which form the inside of the window or
door rough opening. They run from the sole plate to the header, which is supported
by them.
Jamb liner: Metal or plastic covering the inside surface and head jambs of sliding
windows.
Keeper: The protruding, hook-shaped part of a casement window lock, which is mounted
on the inside surface of the sash stile.
Lift: A handle or grip installed on the bottom rail of the lower sash of a double-hung
window to make it easier to raise or lower the sash.
Light shaft: An insulated shaft built to direct the light from a roof window or
skylight through the attic to the room below.
Low-E glass: A common term used to refer to glass which has low emissivity due to a
film or metallic coating on the glass or suspended between the two lights of glass to
restrict the passage of radiant heat.
Masonry openings: The opening in a masonry wall to accept a window or door unit, the
same as a rough opening in a frame wall.
Mortise: A slot or rectangular cavity cut into a piece of wood to receive another
part.
Mortise-and-tenon: A strong wood joint made by fitting together a mortise in on board
and a matching projecting member (tenon) in the other.
Mullion: The vertical or horizontal divisions or joints between single windows in a
multiple window unit.
Mullion casing: An interior or exterior casing member to cover the mullion joint
between single windows.
Muntin: A short bar used to separate glass in a sash into multiple lights. Also
called a windowpane divider or a grille.
Operator: A metal arm and gear which allows for easy operation or closing of
projecting windows.
Outer frame member: The exterior protruding portion of a window frame which has no
exterior casing.
Palladian window: A large, arch-top window flanked by smaller windows on each side.
Panel: Usually refers to the separate panel or panels in a door frame.
Passive solar collector: Any glazed area in the walls or roof of a building pointed to
the south to take maximum advantage of the sun's heat without a mechanical (or active)
method or storage or distribution of the heat.
Picture frame casing: The use of casing on all four sides of the interior of a window,
replacing the stool and apron at the sill. Also known as full-bound casing.
Pitch: The pitch of a roof is the degree of the inclination upward from horizontal or
flat. It may be expressed in degrees or as the ratio of the number of inches it
rises in each 12 inches of horizontal span: 4/12 means the roof rises 4" in every
foot of horizontal span.
Pivot: A mode of operation for ventilating windows which generally means the sash
pivots on a central axis and turns 90 or more degrees.
Rafter: Structural members of a roof which support the roof load and run from the
ridge to the eaves (overhang).
Rails: The horizontal members of a window sash or door panel.
Rough opening: The opening left in a frame wall to receive a window or door unit.
Rough sill: The horizontal framing member, usually a 2 x 4, which forms the bottom of
the rough opening. It is toe-nailed into the jack studs and is supported by
cripples.
Sash balance: A system of weights, cords, and/or coiled springs which assist in
raising double-hung sash and tend to keep the sash in any placed position by
counterbalancing the weight of the sash.
Sash cord: In double-hung windows, the rope or chain which attaches the sash to the
counter balance.
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Sash lock: Generally, a
cam-action type lock applied to the check rails of a sliding window or at the open edges
of a projecting window to pull the check rails tightly together or to seal the sash
tightly to the frame, both for security and weather-tightness.
Sash weights: In older double-hung windows, the concealed cast-iron weights which are
used to counterbalance the sash.
Seat board: A flat board cut to fit the contour of a bow or bay window and installed
between the sills and the flat wall surface, providing a seat or shelf space.
Shims: Wood wedges (often wood shingles) used to secure the window or door unit in the
rough or masonry opening in a square, level and plumb position during and after
installation.
Side lights: Tall, narrow, fixed or operating sash on either or both sides of a door
to light an entryway or vestibule.
Sill: Horizontal member that forms the bottom of a window frame.
Sill course (soldier course): The row of brick, cement blocks or stones laid across
the bottom of a masonry opening which lie under the outside edge of the window sill.
Simulated divided light: A method of constructing windows in which muntins are affixed
to the inside and outside of a panel of insulating glass to simulate the look of true
divided light.
Single glazing: Use of single panes of glass in a window. Not as
energy-efficient as double glazing.
Single-hung: A double-hung type of window in which the top sash is fixed or
inoperable.
Slope glazing: Any glazed opening in a sloped roof or wall, such as a stationary
skylight or fully operable roof window.
Solar gain: The process of providing a net heat gain within a structure, over and
above the normal heat loss, by passive collection of the sun's heat through windows and
other glazed areas.
Sole plate: The bottom horizontal member in a frame wall. Usually either single
or double 2 x 4's. It is nailed to the deck or rough floor and the studs are nailed
into it.
Stile: The vertical side member of a window sash or door panel.
Stool: Inside horizontal trim member of a window sash or door panel.
Stop: A wood trim member nailed to the window frame to hold, position or separate
window parts. The stop is often molded into the jamb liners on sliding windows.
Stud: Vertical wood framing members which form a frame wall. In normal
construction these are 2 x 4's about 8' long.
Tenon: A rectangular projection cut out of a piece of wood for insertion into a
mortise.
Transom: A smaller window above a door or another window. A transom joint
is also the horizontal joining area between two window units which are stacked one on top
of the other.
Triple glazing: A sash glazed with 3 lights of glass, enclosing 2 separate air spaces.
True divided light: A term which refers to windows in which multiple individual panes
of glass or lights are assembled in the sash using muntins.
U-value: A measure of heat transmission through a wall or window. The lower the
U-value, the better the insulating value.
Unison lock: A casement locking system which secures the window at two locking points
by operation of one handle.
Vapor barrier: A watertight material used to prevent the passage of moisture into or
through floors, walls, and ceilings.
Venting unit: A window or door unit that opens or operates.
Windload: Force exerted on a surface by moving air.
Windowpane divider: See Muntin.
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